|
''Anopheles stephensi'' is a primary mosquito vector of malaria in urban India and is included in the same subgenus as ''Anopheles gambiae'', the primary malaria vector in Africa.〔Valenzuela, J.G., Francischetti, I.M.B., Pham, V.M., Garfield, M.K., & Ribeiro, J.M.C. (2003). Exploring the salivary gland transcriptome and proteome of the Anopheles stephensi mosquito. ''Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology'', 33, 717-732.〕 ''A. gambiae'' consists of a complex of morphologically identical species of mosquitoes, along with all other major malaria vectors, however, ''A. stephensi'' has not yet been included in any of these complexes.〔Dash, A.P., Adak, T., Raghavendra, K., & Singh, O.P. (2007). The biology and control of malaria vectors in India. ''Current Science'', 92, 1571-1578.〕 Nevertheless, two races of ''A. stephensi'' exist based on differences in egg dimensions and the number of ridges on the eggs: ''A. stephensi stephensi'' sensu stricto, the type form, is a competent malaria vector that takes place in urban areas, and ''A. stephensi mysorensis'', the variety form, exists in rural areas and exhibits considerable zoophilic behaviour, making it a poor malaria vector.〔Malhotra, P.R., Jatav, C.P., & Chauhan, R.S. (2000). Surface morphology of the egg of ''Anopheles stephensi stephensi'' sensu stricto (Diptera, Culicidae). ''Italian Journal of Zoology'', 62, 147-151.〕 However, ''A. stephensi mysorensis'' is a detrimental vector in Iran.〔Sinka, M.E., Bangs, M.J., Manguin, S., Chareonviriyaphap, T., Patil, A.P., Temperley, W.H., Gething, P. W., Elyazar, I.R.F., Kabaria, C.W., Harbach, R.E., & Hay, S.I. (2011). The dominant ''Anopheles'' vectors of human malaria in the Asia-Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis. ''Parasites and Vectors'', 4, 1-46.〕 An intermediate form also exists in rural communities and peri-urban areas, though its vector status is unknown.〔 About 12% of malaria cases that occur annually within urban areas of India are due to ''A. stephensi''.〔Tikar, S.N., Mendki, M.J., Sharma, A.K., Sukumaran, D., Veer, V., Prakash, S., & Parashar. B.D. (2011). Resistance status of the malaria vector mosquitoes, ''Anopheles stephensi'' and ''Anopheles subpictus'' towards adulticides and larvicides in arid ad semi-arid areas of India. ''Journal of Insect Science'', 11, 1-10.〕 In November 2015 an American research group demonstrated that an ''Anopheles stephensi'' with genetic modifications could be rendered incapable of transmitting malaria, and that 99.5 percent of the mutant mosquitoes' offspring were also immune.〔(Gemuteerde mug moet malaria bestrijden ) Nederlandse Omroep Stichting 24 november 2015 〕 ==Habitat== In rural areas, the larvae of ''A. stephensi'' may exist in many aquatic habitats, such as: ponds, streams, swamps, marshes, and other sources of standing water.〔Rueda, L.M. (2008). Global diversity of mosquitoes (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae). ''Hydrobiologia'', 595, 477-487.〕 They may also occupy smaller environments, such as: tree holes, leaf axils, and man-made containers.〔Harbach, R.E. (2007). The Culicidae (Diptera): a review of taxonomy, classification and phylogeny. ''Zootaxa'', 1668, 591-629.〕 Though larvae of ''A. stephensi mysorensis'' exclusively prefer to occupy stone pots and earthenware containers.〔 This species is also able to endure high amounts of salinity, and have been found to breed readily in water where the salinity is equal to or even surpassing that of sea water.〔Maouchehri, A.V., Javadian, E., Eshghy, N., & Motabar, M. (1976). Ecology of ''Anopheles stephensi'' Liston in southern Iran. ''Tropical and Geographical Medicine'', 28, 228-232.〕 Furthermore, ''A. stephensi'' breeds in a number of different water-bodies in urban areas, but predominantly in artificial containers, walls, overhead tanks, and ground level water tanks.〔Jeyabalan, D., Arul, N., Thangamathi, P. (2003). Studies on effects of ''Pelargonium citrosa'' leaf extracts on malarial vector, ''Anopheles stephensi'' Liston. ''Bioresource Technology'', 89, 185-189.〕 Most larvae feed on microorganisms and particle matter that is suspended in water.〔 However, later in development, adult males will feed on the nectar of flowers, whereas females will take blood meals, which help produce viable eggs.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anopheles stephensi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|